C) Question: It takes 11.2 KJ of energy to raise the temperature of 145 g of benzene from 25.0C to 70.0C. biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature: If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen. However, if heated it becomes a gas, and when cooled it becomes a solid. Measurement of air and water levels of benzene is accomplished through collection via activated charcoal tubes, which are then analyzed with a gas chromatograph. [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 "VIII. Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. J. Chem. ; Jost, W., This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. Am. ; Ganiev, Yu.A., BENZENE BNZ CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION Common Synonyms Watery liquid Colorless Gasoline-like odor Floats on water. . The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. The formula for specific heat capacity, C, of a substance with mass m, is C = Q / (m T). [all data], Pacor, 1967 ; Everett, D.H., [76] There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm. To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms. The specific heats of five organic liquids from their adiabatic temperature-pressure coefficients, Zhur. Eng. Specific heat of ethyl alcohol= 2.44 . Thermophys., 1981, 2(2), 155-162. Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm. ; Hepler, L.G., Monatsh. Chem. Chat now for more business. Soc., 1926, 48, 1274-1287. Int. Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 Vyssh. Bunsenges. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. (August 2007). France, 1929, 45, 36-49. Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. the Pure Benzene (C_6H_6) has a melting point of 5.5 degrees Celsius. Proc. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes. These include cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), quinine oxidoreductase (NQ01 or DT-diaphorase or NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)), GSH, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Am. [75][95], Genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes may induce loss of function or gain of function. Chim., 1968, 16, 549-552. [all data], Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945 Thermodynamics of the system benzene - p-dioxane, Eng. [all data], de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1933 Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. Burlew, J.S., [all data], Williams and Daniels, 1925 (TLV) for benzene to 0.02 ppm and reduce the 15 . Benzene is less dense thanwaterand is slightly soluble inwater. ; Johnson, W.H. It is produced by the oxidation of benzene or n-butane in the presence of vanadium oxide catalysts. Obshch. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. Coll. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen. J. Chem. There are limitations on the content of benzene in gasoline. According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. ; Gilmont, R.; Rossini, F.D., Benzene is a chemical compound in gasoline. Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. GSH mutations or deletions result in loss of function and result in decreased detoxification. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. You simply need a household iron to apply heat to loosen the adhesive and weaken the prints to get them out easily. Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. arrow_forward The specific heat capacity of copper metal is 0.385 J/g K. How much energy is required to heat 168 g of copper from 12.2 C to +25.6 C? [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. [all data], Recko, 1968 Phys. (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 Phys. Eng. It is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials. J. In 1872, Kekul suggested that benzene had two complementary structures and that these forms rapidly interconverted, so that if there were a double bond between any pair of carbon atoms at one instant, that double bond would become a single bond at the next instant (and vice versa). The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. VII. This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. Measurement of the heat capacity of a small volume of liquid by the piezo-thermometric method. This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. ; Smith, N.K., Several enzymes are involved. In the bone marrow, MPO converts these polyphenols to benzoquinones. A small-area case-crossover study", "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility", American Petroleum Institute, API Toxicological Review, Benzene, September 1948, "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility", International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact", "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment", Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, 1910.1028, Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Staveley, L.A.K. ; Karbalai Ghassemi, M.H., Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekul's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. [83] The maximum allowable amount of benzene in workroom air during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek is 1 ppm. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. Grolier, J.-P.E. National Institute of Standards and Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage. Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C. H vapof water = 40.8 kJ/mol. ; T = 9 to 80C, mean Cp, five temperatures. Specific heat of liquids. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 Benzene is the name of an aromatichydrocarbon,C 6 H 6. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, Sandmeyer Reaction. [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. We don't save this data. J. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. In a human study 16.4 to 41.6% of retained benzene was eliminated through the lungs within five to seven hours after a two- to three-hour exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted unchanged in the urine. Neft Gaz. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. Univ. [all data], Vesely, Svoboda, et al., 1977 The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. [all data], Staveley, Tupman, et al., 1955 Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 Trans. The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero". Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) at 10C is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated to 50C. Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, Anal. Grolier, J.-P.E. Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 1199-1200. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee. Dejardin, G., [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. Mitt. K) ..g (K) | 1 mol All you need to do is convert the grams to moles. Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? [17] Kekul's 1890 speech[41] in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English. ; Lundberg, W.O., [all data], Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946 [all data], Zhdanov, 1941 Am. Inzh-Fiz. aggravated assault charge. ; Shipova, V.A., phys. Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used. Heat capacities of some organic substances at low temperature, [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. ; Rossini, F.D., Temperature. [78] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). [all data], Good and Smith, 1969 Am. The molecule is planar. [all data], Fortier, Benson, et al., 1976 +4 A piece of aluminum metal at an initial temperature of 97.3C was placed in a calorimeter containing 49.0g of water at an initial temperature of 22.0C. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: at 1 atm: botling point = 80. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. Calorimetric determinations of thermal properties of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and benzene, J. Specific heat of benzene= 1.80 . The curve between the critical point and the triple point shows the benzene boiling point with changes in pressure. [64], Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc. Specific Heat capacity is given as. [43], In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. In 2005, the water supply to the city of Harbin in China with a population of almost nine million people, was cut off because of a major benzene exposure. Thermal data on organic compounds. Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s. Maass, O.; Walbauer, L.J., . [96], The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. J. ; Kohler, F., The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives. A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. CAS RN. Faraday Soc., 1971, 67, 2282-2291. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). Ber. Calorimetry (Lect. Department of Health and Human Services. Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique, Ber. J. Chem. X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). Recko, W.M., Specific heat of liquids. In another human study, 30% of absorbed dermally applied benzene, which is primarily metabolized in the liver, was excreted as phenol in the urine. The specific heats and latent heats of fusion of ice and of several organic compounds, [all data], Burlew, 1940 Solution Chem., 1987, 16, 745-752. Specific Heat of Benzene, Specific Heat of C6H6. "Spectral Database for Organic Compounds", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene_(data_page)&oldid=1139250020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Akad. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, Have definite volume (are very slightly compressible) 3. In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids. Teplofiz. For example, mutations in CYP2E1 increase activity and result in increased generation of toxic metabolites. The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions; however, ingestion and dermal absorption of benzene can also occur through contact with contaminated water. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene:Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. [all data], Oliver, Eaton, et al., 1948 Aust. ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. [all data], Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971 Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. Ser. Chim. In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. [23][24] Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. Chim. Bull. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. ), pp. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Chem., 1977, 81, 925-930. Consist of disordered clusters of particles that are quite close together; particles have random motions in three dimensions Solids 1. in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the Picker flow calorimeter, Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. This discovery led to the production of Sanka. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Some thermodynamice properties of the systems benzene + ethylene dichloride, benzene + carbon tetrachloride, acetone + chloroform, and acetone + carbon disulphide, Zhdanov, A.K., Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the mixing calorimeter, [all data], Dejardin, 1919 In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. Data compiled as indicated in comments: Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, it finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. Benzene. Risk of ignition. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. Mixtures containing N,N-dimethylformamide, Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates. Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzene. A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, [all data], Huffman, Parks, et al., 1930 Are fluid 5. Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. Chem. Have no definite shape 2. Vys. Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file The specific heat capacity is the heat or energy required to change one unit mass of a substance of a constant volume by 1 C. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., [all data], Kurbatov, 1947 [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. 5. Phys., 1937, 5, 537-551. In 1988 it was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring. Advertisement Advertisement New questions in Physics. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene. de Kolossowsky, N.A. Expert Answer. [all data], Czarnota, 1991 [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. [all data], Reddy, 1986 Carbon dioxide (CO2). Chem. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., See also tabulated values of specific heat of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common solids and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of common organic substances and inorganic substances. Sci. Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . Hydroquinone, benzenetriol and catechol are converted to polyphenols. How much heat must be transferred to the mixture per g-mole of feed? [all data], Aoyama and Kanda, 1935 Hence it floats onwater. This process was later discontinued. Tschamler, H., ; Badalov, Yu.A., Data compilation copyright If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Most people in developed countries have measureable baseline levels of benzene and other aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in their blood. Ahlberg, J.E. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . The catechol is then metabolized to acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, used by organisms mainly in the citric acid cycle for energy production. Sci. A mixture of 54.5 mol% benzene in chlorobenzene at its bubble point is fed continuously to the bottom plate of a column containing two equilibrium plates, with a partial reboiler and a total condenser. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein Heat capacities at constant volume, free volumes, and rotational freedom in some liquids, Grolier, J.-P.E. Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. A.1.89 103 J B.54.4 J C. 840 J D.2.08 10-2 J E. 48.1 J C. 840 J [A 100-W lightbulb is placed in a cylinder equipped with a moveable piston. The flow rates of the hot and cold stream in the preheaters are equal. The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride.